Hydrogenation of acetaldehyde on interstellar ice analogs results in limited destruction

Authors: Molpeceres, G.; Nguyen, T.; Oba, Y.; Watanabe, N.

Journal: ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Publication date: 2025/02/20

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451990

Abstract: Context. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is one of the most abundant interstellar complex organic molecules and its hydrogenation has important implications in several fundamental processes of interstellar chemistry, such as deuterium fractionation, reactive desorption, or the relation between organic functional groups of detected molecules. Aims. We seek to determine what the main hydrogenation paths of CH3CHO are. As a partially unsaturated molecule, CH3CHO can have links with more hydrogenated species, such as ethanol (C2H5OH), or with more unsaturated ones, such as ketene (H2CCO). Methods. We used highly accurate quantum chemical calculations to determine the reaction rate constants for the CH3CHO + H/D reaction. We later studied, using more approximated methods, the fate of the majoritarian product of the reaction, the acetyl radical CH3CO after subsequent reaction with hydrogen or deuterium atoms. Our theoretical results were tested with our experiments on the hydrogenation and deuteration of CH3CHO ice. Results. We find that acetaldehyde resists hydrogenation, with only a 10% of conversion to products different than CH3CHO. This is due to a predominance of H abstraction at the HCO moiety, with reaction rate constants up to four orders of magnitude higher than the next possible reaction channel, which is hydrogenation at the aldehydic carbon. The formed CH3CO radical experiences barrierless or nearly barrierless reactions in all possible reaction positions, reforming CH3CHO and creating a closed loop that protects the molecule against hydrogenation. We constrained the branching ratios for the second reaction from the experiments. Our experiments agree with the calculations and from the combination of both we can explain the presence of H2CCO, CO, CH4, C2H5OH, H2CO, or CH3OH as minor products at the end of the reaction. We provide recommendations for future modeling efforts. Conclusions. Our results show limited destruction of acetaldehyde, reinforcing the vision of this molecule as an abundant and resilient COM. From the experiments, we are not able to observe the reactive desorption of this molecule. Our results align with other modeling works, showing that the link between CH3CHO and C2H5OH is not direct. Finally, our results can explain the excess of CH3CDO found in prestellar cores.